Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Patti J. Best Originator: Richard L. Reynolds Originator: Joseph G. Rosenbaum Originator: John Drexler Originator: David. P. Adam Title: Sediment Magnetic and Paleomagnetic Data from Buck Lake, Oregon Publication_Date: 1996 Edition: First Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: model Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 96-294 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Denver Colorado Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/of96-294/of96-294.html Description: Abstract: Sediment magnetic, paleomagnetic and geochemical results have been obtained from lacustrine sediments recovered in a 30-meter core taken by rotary drilling methods at Grass Lake, Siskiyou County, California. The data have been analyzed and interpreted in terms of environmental change in the Grass Lake catchment over the past ca. 100,000 years. Purpose: The magnetic and geochemical results will be compared to detailed pollen analysis to test the possibility that variations in the magnetic mineralogy are related to paleoclimatic change and associated watershed processes. This report also describes the methods used to obtain the magnetic and geochemical results. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: Quaternary Currentness_Reference: publication date Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -122.166 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -122.166 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.75 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.75 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: geophysics Theme_Keyword: geochemistry Theme_Keyword: geologic history Theme_Keyword: paleomagnetic analysis Theme_Keyword: unconsolidated deposits Theme_Keyword: grain-size analysis Theme_Keyword: magnetic susceptibility Theme_Keyword: remanent magnetism Theme_Keyword: X-ray fluorescence Theme_Keyword: geospatial datasets Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Theme_Keyword: Paleomagnetics Theme_Keyword: Lacustrine Theme_Keyword: Lake Theme_Keyword: Sediments Theme_Keyword: Core Theme_Keyword: Magnetic properties Theme_Keyword: Grain size Theme_Keyword: Demagnetization Theme_Keyword: Declination Theme_Keyword: Inclination Theme_Keyword: Natural remanent magnetization Theme_Keyword: Anhysteric remanent magnetization Theme_Keyword: Organic carbon Theme_Keyword: Coercivity of remanence Theme_Keyword: X-ray fluorescence Theme_Keyword: Elemental abundance Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: National Geologic Map Database Catalog themes, augmented Theme_Keyword: 1900 - Geochemistry Theme_Keyword: 1200 - Geophysics Theme_Keyword: 1201 - Magnetics Theme_Keyword: 1600 - Geochronology Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Categories Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Augmented FIPS 10-4 and FIPS 6-4 Place_Keyword: f06093 = Siskiyou Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Place_Keyword: United States of America Place_Keyword: Western U.S. Place_Keyword: California Place_Keyword: Siskiyou County Place_Keyword: Grass Lake Temporal: Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Temporal_Keyword: Quaternary Temporal_Keyword: Recent Access_Constraints: none Use_Constraints: none Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Richard L. Reynolds Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: Box 25046, Denver Federal Center, City: Denver State_or_Province: Colorado Postal_Code: 80225-0046 Country: United States of America Contact_Voice_Telephone: (303) 236-1303 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rreynolds@usgs.gov Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Sampling: Samples used for paleomagnetic directions, magnetic susceptibility, and laboratory induced magnetizations were taken approximately every 5 cm. The majority of the core was soft, and a cube with a volume of 3.2 cm3 oriented with respect to the top of the core could be inserted directly into the sediment. Approximately every 100 cm, a 10 to 20 cm interval of sediment was collected and stored in bags for magnetic mineral separations. Paleomagnetic directions: Natural Remanent Magnetization (NRM) was measured on oriented samples using a 90-Hz spinner magnetometer with a sensitivity better than 10-5 A/m. Samples were demagnetized in steps through alternating-field (AF) demagnetization with peak fields of 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 80 milliTeslas (mT). Laboratory induced magnetization: Magnetizations were measured with a high speed spinner magnetometer. ARM was imparted in a decreasing AF from a peak induction of 100 mT and a DC bias of 0.1 mT. IRM magnetizations were generated at room temperature using an impulse magnetizer. First IRM was imparted in a 1.2T induction (IRM1.2T). The samples were then magnetized in the opposite direction using an induction of 0.3T (IRM-0.3T). Elemental Abundance: Elemental abundances were determined on selected samples using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis. Organic carbon was determined on selected samples as the difference between total and inorganic carbon. Sample splits were combusted in oxygen for 5 minutes at 960oC. Total CO2 was measured using Total CO2 was measured using a coulometer. Inorganic carbon was then determined through acidification with perchloric acid and measured with a coulometer. Logical_Consistency_Report: Five tables record information from the various studies performed on core material. All studies were not completed on all samples. Two different sample entities were collected from core material, "Vials" and "Sample boxes". "Vials" and "Sample boxes" were labeled as follows: Paleomagnetic specimens, 3.2 cm3 in volume, were taken in plastic boxes. Each paleomagnetic specimen was given a unique box number and the depth interval (with respect to the top of the core segment) covered by each box was recorded. Subsequently each specimen was assigned a second unique number, the sample number. Core material removed from around each paleomagnetic specimen was placed in one or more numbered vials. The depth interval contained in each vial corresponds closely (but not exactly) to the interval sampled by a paleomagnetic specimen. These vials were later assigned sample numbers. Material in these vials was used to determine grain size, and elemental concentrations. "sample depth (m)" is consistantly used throughout the data tables. Other entities are used as follows. +-------------------+--------------------------------------------+ | | Table Table Table Table Table | | | 1 2 3 4 5 | +-------------------+--------------------------------------------+ | Sample number | X X | | | | | Sample box number |X some X X X | | | | | Vial number |X some X X | +-------------------+--------------------------------------------+ Completeness_Report: A total of 542 samples were collected 82 samples, labeled "Vial" samples were collected for analysis of elemental concentrations and carbon content. 458 samples, labeled with "Box no." were collected in 3.2 cc cubes for magnetic mineral studies "Sample Density (kg/m3)" is recorder for all "box" samples Declination, Inclination, NRM are recorded for 412 "box" samples. Data are not recorded for 24 samples that were the core was disturbed prior to sampling. Data are not recorded for 8 samples due to "poor fit" indicating that the vector diagram was extremely poor and paleomagnetic directions were not calculated. Data are not recorded for 15 samples labeled "not used". The data from these samples was not recorded due to displacement of sediment during magnetometer measurement. Sediment magnetic data are recorded for 457 of 458 "box" samples Elemental abundance data were recorded for 82 samples Carbon contents data are recordeded for 25 samples. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The horizontal coordinates of the Grass Lake core site were determined from the position of the site on a 7.5 minute topo quad map The accuracy of the measurements are estimated to be + or - 0.005 degrees latitude and + or - 0.005 degrees longitude. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The altitude of the core sight was determined from a 7.5 minute topographic quadrangle map. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Adam, D.P. Originator: Rieck, H.J. Originator: McGann, M.L. Originator: Schiller, K. Originator: Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M. Publication_Date: 1994 Title: Lithologic description of sediment cores from Grass Lake, Siskiyou County, California U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report No. 94-651, 36pp. Edition: First Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 94-651 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Menlo Park, California Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: Quaternary Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Adam and others (1994) Source_Contribution: site description, drilling methods, lithology of sediments Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Best, P.J. Publication_Date: 1996 Title: Environmental controls on magnetic mineralogy and geochemistry of late Quaternary lacustrine sediments from Grass Lake and Tule Lake, northern California: M.S. Thesis, 139 p. Edition: First Series_Information: Series_Name: Masters of Science Thesis Issue_Identification: none Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Boulder Colorado Publisher: University of Colorado, Boulder Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: Quaternary Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Best, 1996 Source_Contribution: background study Process_Step: Process_Description: Sampling Paleomagnetic specimens, 3.2 cm3 in volume, were taken in plastic boxes. Pedestals were cut in the core, boxes were placed over the pedestals, and the sediment in the boxes was then cut from the core and the boxes were sealed. Orientation was maintained with respect to the core axis but the specimens were not azimuthally oriented. Each paleomagnetic specimen was given a unique box number and the depth interval (with respect to the top of the core segment) covered by each box was recorded. Subsequently each specimen was assigned a second unique number, the sample number. These boxed samples were used for measurements of magnetic susceptibility, paleomagnetic directions and magnitudes, laboratory induced magnetizations, and hysteresis properties. Process_Date: Unknown Process_Step: Process_Description: Paleomagnetic Directions Natural Remanent Magnetization (NRM) was measured on oriented samples using a 90-Hz spinner magnetometer with a sensitivity better than 10-5 A/m. Samples were demagnetized in steps through alternating-field (AF) demagnetization with peak fields of 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 80 milliTeslas (mT). Declination and inclination were calculated from a best fit line of the demagnetization data displayed as orthogonal vector diagrams. Process_Date: Unknown Process_Step: Process_Description: Magnetic Susceptibility Volume susceptibility (MS) was measured using a susceptometer with a sensitivity better than 10-5 volume SI. Samples were measured in a 0.1 mT induction at a low frequency of 600 Hz ( MSlf) and high frequency of 6000 Hz (MShf). For each sample, the MS value was determined as the mean of four measurements. Frequency dependent susceptibility was calculated as: FDMS=(MSlf-MShf)/MSlf. Process_Date: Unknown Process_Step: Process_Description: Laboratory induced magnetization After the paleomagnetic analysis, anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) and isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) experiments, magnetizationswere measured with a high speed spinner magnetometer. ARM was imparted in a decreasing AF from a peak induction of 100 mT and a DC bias of 0.1 mT IRM magnetizations were generated at room temperature using an impulse magnetizer. First IRM was imparted in a 1.2T induction ( IRM1.2T). The samples were then magnetized in the opposite direction using an induction of 0.3T (IRM-0.3T). Hard isothermal remanent magnetization (HIRM) and the S-parameter were calculated as follows: HIRM=(IRM1.2T+IRM-0.3T)/2 S=IRM-0.3T/IRM1.2T Process_Date: Unknown Process_Step: Process_Description: Elemental Abundance Elemental abundances were determined on selected samples using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis at the University of Colorado's Department of Geological Sciences. Contents of Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, Rb, Sr, Ti, V, Y, Zn and Zr were measured. Process_Date: Unknown Process_Step: Process_Description: Determination of carbon content Organic carbon was determined on selected samples as the difference between total and inorganic carbon. Sample splits were combusted in oxygen for 5 minutes at 960oC. Total CO2 was measured using a coulometer. Inorganic carbon was then determined through acidification with perchloric acid and measured with a coulometer. Process_Date: Unknown Process_Step: Process_Description: Creation of original metadata record Process_Date: 19970822 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Kevin M. Foley Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Physical Scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: U.S. Geological Survey Address: 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Mail Stop 918 City: Reston State_or_Province: Virginia Postal_Code: 20192 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (703) 648-5285 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (703) 648-6560 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: kfoley@usgs.gov Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.05 Longitude_Resolution: 0.05 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Altitude_System_Definition: Altitude_Resolution: 5 Altitude_Distance_Units: feet Altitude_Encoding_Method: Attribute values Altitude_Datum_Name: North American Vertical Datum of 1988 Depth_System_Definition: Depth_Datum_Name: Local surface Depth_Resolution: .01 Depth_Distance_Units: meters Depth_Encoding_Method: Attribute values Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: Grass Lake Sample Number: A unique number assigned to a sample regardless ot sample type Sample box no.: A unique sample number assigned to samples put into plastic cubes for magnetic mineral studies. The volume of each cube is 3.2 cubic centimeters. Vial no.: A unique sample number assigned to sediment sample put into vials. Drive no.: Identifies location in the core. The core was divided into drives numbered sequentially starting with 1 at the top. Some drives have been further divided into slugs indicated by letters, starting with A at the top of the drive. Drive depth: The depth in meters of the top of the drive from the Depth interval of sample: The depth range of the sample within the drive. Sample depth within drive (cm): Midpoint of the depth interval in centimeters. Sample depth within drive (m): Midpoint of depth interval in meters. Sample depth in core (m): Sample depth within drive (m) plus depth of drive from top of core. Sample density (kg/m3): Density of sample calculated from the mass of the dried box samples used in magnetic mineral studies. Declination: Declination of the characteristic magnetization, clockwise from geographic north. Inclination The inclination of the characteristic magnetization. NRM: Natural Remanent Magnetization in Am2/kg. Demag. Interval: The demagnetization interval over which both Declination and Inclination were calculated. Number of Points used in linear fit: Number of points used to create best fit line. Subjective quality: A subjective grade (a is best, c the worst) given to the orthogonal vector diagrams from which the best fit line was calculated. MSLF: Low-frequency magnetic susceptibility in m3/kg. FDMS: Frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility in percent. ARM: Anhysteretic remanent magnetization in Am2/kg. IRM (1.2T): Isothermal remanent magnetization from induction in a 1.2 tesla field at room temperature. Expressed in Am2/kg. IRM (-.3T): Isothermal remanent magnetization from induction in a -0.3 tesla field at room temperature. Expressed in Am2/kg. HIRM: Hard isothermal remanent magnetization: HIRM is calculated as: [IRM(1.2T)+IRM(-0.3T)]/2 and expressed in Am2/kg. S: (S Ratio) calculated as IRM(-0.3T)/IRM(1.2T). Element concentration, Cr: Chromium-ppm Element concentration, Cr: Copper-ppm Element concentration, Fe: Iron- Wt% Element concentration, Mn: Manganese-ppm Element concentration, Mo: Molybdenum-ppm Element concentration, Nb: Niobium-ppm Element concentration, Ni: Nickel-ppm Element concentration, Rb: Rubidium-ppm Element concentration, Sr: Strontium-ppm Element concentration, Ti: Titanium-Wt % Element concentration, V: Vanadium-ppm Element concentration, Y: Yttrium-ppm Element concentration, Zn: Zinc-ppm Element concentration, Zr: Zirconium-ppm Total Carbon: Percent of carbon (both organic and inorganic) in sample. Carbonate Carbon: Percent of inorganic carbon in sample. Organic Carbon: Percent of organic carbon in sample. Calculated as total carbon minus carbonate carbon. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-294 Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Peter N Schweitzer Contact_Organization: USGS Midwest Area Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: Mail Stop 954 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr City: Reston State_or_Province: VA Postal_Code: 20192-0002 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703-648-6533 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 703-648-6252 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pschweitzer@usgs.gov Resource_Description: USGS OFR 96-294 Distribution_Liability: This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards (or with the North American Stratigraphic Code). Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 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