A compilation of sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide emission-rate data from Cook Inlet volcanoes (Redoubt, Spurr, Illiamna, and Augustine), Alaska during the period from 1990 to 1994

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Metadata:

Identification_Information
Data_Quality_Information
Spatial_Reference_Information
Entity_and_Attribute_Information
Distribution_Information
Metadata_Reference_Information

Identification_Information:

Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Michael P. Doukas
Publication_Date: 1995
Title:

A compilation of sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide emission-rate data from Cook Inlet volcanoes (Redoubt, Spurr, Illiamna, and Augustine), Alaska during the period from 1990 to 1994

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
Series_Information:

Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
Issue_Identification: 95-55

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Anchorage, Alaska
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey

Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-055/

Description:

Abstract:

This report contains all of the available daily sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide emission rates from Cook Inlet volcanoes as determined by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) from March 1990 through July 1994. Airborne sulfur dioxide gas sampling of the Cook Inlet volcanoes (Redoubt, Spurr, Iliamna, and Augustine) began in 1986 when several measurements were carried out at Augustine volcano during the eruption of 1986. Systematic monitoring for sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide began in March 1990 at Redoubt volcano and continues to the present. Intermittent measurements at Augustine and Iliamna volcanoes began in 1990 and continues to the present. Intermittent measurements began at Spurr volcano in 1991, and were continued at more regular intervals from June, 1992 through the 1992 eruption at the Crater Peak vent to the present.

Purpose:

Airborne sulfur dioxide gas sampling of the Cook Inlet volcanoes (Redoubt, Spurr, Iliamna, and Augustine) began in 1986 when several measurements were carried out at Augustine volcano during the eruption of 1986. From March 1990 to October 1994, more than one hundred fixed-wing aircraft flights were made by the USGS in order to measure and characterize gas emissions from the Cook Inlet volcanoes.

Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Range_of_Dates/Times:

Beginning_Date: 19900320
Ending_Date: 19940707

Currentness_Reference:

The time period is defined by the collection dates of the data included in the report.

Status:

Progress: Complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned

Spatial_Domain:

Bounding_Coordinates:

West_Bounding_Coordinate: -153.42
East_Bounding_Coordinate: -152.25
North_Bounding_Coordinate: 61.30
South_Bounding_Coordinate: 57.37

Keywords:

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus
Theme_Keyword: volcanic gas emission
Theme_Keyword: sulphur
Theme_Keyword: greenhouse gases
Theme_Keyword: datasets

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
Theme_Keyword: Volcano
Theme_Keyword: Sulphur dioxide
Theme_Keyword: Carbon dioxide
Theme_Keyword: Volcanic plume
Theme_Keyword: Atmosphere
Theme_Keyword: Stratovolcano
Theme_Keyword: Lava dome

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: National Geologic Map Database Catalog themes, augmented
Theme_Keyword: 1500 - Hazards
Theme_Keyword: 1502 - Volcanoes

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Categories
Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Augmented FIPS 10-4 and FIPS 6-4
Place_Keyword: f02122 = Kenai Peninsula

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
Place_Keyword: United States of America
Place_Keyword: Alaska
Place_Keyword: Cook Inlet
Place_Keyword: Lake Clark National Park and Preserve
Place_Keyword: Aleutian Range
Place_Keyword: Mount Spurr
Place_Keyword: Redoubt volcano
Place_Keyword: Iliamna volcano
Place_Keyword: Augustine volcano
Place_Keyword: Crater Peak

Temporal:

Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Temporal_Keyword: Recent
Temporal_Keyword: Modern
Temporal_Keyword: Historic

Access_Constraints: None
Use_Constraints: None
Point_of_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Michael P. Doukas

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing address
Address:

Cascades Volcano Observatory
5400 MacArthur Blvd

City: Vancouver
State_or_Province: WA
Postal_Code: 98661
Country: United States of America

Contact_Voice_Telephone: (360) 696-7804
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: mdoukas@usgs.gov

Browse_Graphic:

Browse_Graphic_File_Name:

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-055/core/meta/gifs/cook_inlet.gif

Browse_Graphic_File_Description:

Map of the Cook Inlet area, Alaska showing the location of the Cook inlet volcanoes included in this report. Filled triangles = volcanoes of this report; open triangles = location of other nearby volcanoes.

Browse_Graphic_File_Type: GIF

Browse_Graphic:

Browse_Graphic_File_Name:

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-055/core/meta/gifs/redoubt.gif

Browse_Graphic_File_Description:

Graph of average SO2 and CO2 emission rates (metric tonnes per day) from Redoubt Volcano, March 1990 to April 1993. Open boxes = average sulfur dioxide emission rate for a single flight; closed triangles = carbon dioxide emission rate; vertical solid line = onset of 1989 - 1990 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano.

Browse_Graphic_File_Type: GIF

Browse_Graphic:

Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-055/core/meta/gifs/spurr.gif
Browse_Graphic_File_Description:

Graph of average SO2 and CO2 emission rates (metric tonnes per day) from Spurr volcano, July 1991 to July 1994. Open boxes = average sulfur dioxide emission rate; closed triangles = carbon dioxide emission rate; vertical solid lines = 1992 eruptions of Spurr Volcano.

Browse_Graphic_File_Type: GIF

Browse_Graphic:

Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-055/core/meta/gifs/ilithm.gif
Browse_Graphic_File_Description:

Graph of average SO2 and CO2 emission rates (metric tonnes per day MT/D) from Iliamna volcano, from Ilianma Volcano, March 1990 to April 1993. Open boxes = average sulfur dioxide emission rate; closed triangle = CO2 emission rate.

Browse_Graphic_File_Type: GIF

Browse_Graphic:

Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-055/core/meta/gifs/augthm.gif
Browse_Graphic_File_Description:

Graph of average SO2 and CO2 emission rates (metric tonnes per day) from Augustine volcano, March 1990 to July 1994. Open boxes = average sulfur dioxide emission rate; closed triangle = CO2 emission rate.

Browse_Graphic_File_Type: GIF

Data_Quality_Information:

Attribute_Accuracy:

Attribute_Accuracy_Report:

A correlation spectrometer (COSPEC) was used to measure SO2. In some cases no SO2 plume was detected by the instrument and a value of zero was reported as the SO2 rate. Even though SO2 may have been sensed by the operator's nose (more sensitive than the instrument), a rate of zero was still reported. Typically, three to six traverses were made underneath the plume to determine an average SO2 burden (concentration multiplied by the pathlength) within a cross-section of the plume. Knowing the burden, the plume width and plume velocity (assumed to be the same as ambient wind speed), the emission rate of SO2 was calculated. The resultant value of SO2 is reported after values of more than one standard deviation from the average have been removed. All emission rates are reported in metric tons/day (t/d) above the background level upwind of the volcano.
Carbon dioxide in the Cook Inlet volcanic plumes was measured by an infrared spectrometer (MIRAN) tuned to the 4.26 micrometers CO2 absorption band. Volcanic CO2 is defined as that gas detected within a volcano's plume that is in excess of the concentration of ambient CO2 in the atmosphere. Plume area, CO2 density at the mean altitude of the plume, and the plume velocity (assumed to be equal to the ambient wind speed), were then used to calculate the CO2 emission rate. The resulting calculated CO2 emission rate represents one measurement, not an average of several. During times of low emission rates and low wind speeds, orbits within a kilometer of the vent were required, which gave low results because of slow instrumental response times. Thus, some CO2 measurements reported here are indicated to be minimum values. All emission rates are reported in metric tons/day (t/d) above the background level upwind of the volcano.

Logical_Consistency_Report:

Three to six traverses were made underneath the plume to determine an average SO2 burden. The calculated CO2 emission rate represents one measurement, not an average of several measurements.
During times of low emission rates and low wind speeds, orbits within a kilometer of the vent were required, which gave low results because of slow instrumental response times. Thus, some CO2 measurements reported here are indicated to be minimum values.

Completeness_Report:

SO2 measurement. In some cases, no SO2 plume was detected by the instrument and a value of zero was reported as the SO2 rate, eventhough SO2 may have been sensed by the operator's nose.

Lineage:

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

Measurement of airborne SO2. A correlation spectrometer (COSPEC) is used to measure SO2 in volcanic plumes. The upward-looking COSPEC is mounted in a fixed- wing aircraft and flown below and at right angles to the plume. The first traverse (or orbit) during a measurement is used to determine the size, location and direction of the volcanic plume. In some cases no SO2 plume is detected by the instrument and a value of zero was reported as the SO2 rate. Typically, three to six traverses are made underneath the plume to determine an average SO2 burden (concentration multiplied by the pathlength) within a cross-section of the plume. Knowing the burden, the plume width and plume velocity (assumed to be the same as ambient wind speed), the emission rate of SO2 is calculated. The resultant value of SO2 is reported after values of more than one standard deviation from the average are removed. All emission rates are reported in metric tons/day (t/d) above the background level upwind of the volcano.

Process_Date: Ongoing

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

Measurement of airborne carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is measured by an infrared spectrometer (MIRAN) tuned to the 4.26 micrometers CO2 absorption band. Volcanic CO2 is defined as that gas detected within a volcano's plume that is in excess of the concentration of ambient CO2 in the atmosphere. An external sample tube is attached to the fuselage of a twin-engine aircraft to deliver outside air to the gas cell of the MIRAN. The aircraft is then flown at several different but increasing elevations through the plume. These traverses were at right angles to the plume trajectory and define plume area and CO2 concentration in a vertical cross-section of the plume. Plume area, CO2 density at the mean altitude of the plume, and the plume velocity (assumed to be equal to the ambient wind speed), are then used to calculate the CO2 emission rate. During times of low emission rates and low wind speeds, orbits within a kilometer of the vent are required, which gave low results because of slow instrumental response times. Thus, some CO2 measurements reported here are indicated to be minimum values. All emission rates are reported in metric tons/day (t/d) above the background level upwind of the volcano.

Process_Date: Not complete

Process_Step:

Process_Description: Creation of original metadata record
Process_Date: 19960531
Process_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Kevin M. Foley

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing address
Address:

Mail Stop 918
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive

City: Reston
State_or_Province: VA
Postal_Code: 20192

Contact_Voice_Telephone: (703) 648-5285
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (703) 648-6560
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: kfoley@usgs.gov

Spatial_Reference_Information:

Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:

Geographic:

Latitude_Resolution: 0.01
Longitude_Resolution: 0.01
Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees

Entity_and_Attribute_Information:

Detailed_Description:

Entity_Type:

Entity_Type_Label: Sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide emission rates
Entity_Type_Definition:

Rate of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide emitted by a volcano, calculated from the SO2 burden, width of plume, velocity of plume, and compared to background levels of SO2 and CO2. Units are metric tons/day (t/d).

Entity_Type_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-55.

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: Sulfur dioxide gas
Attribute_Definition: Airborne sulfur dioxide associated with volcanic activity.
Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-55.
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 6120
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: metric tons per day
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1

Beginning_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19900320
Ending_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19940707
Attribute_Measurement_Frequency:

Intermittent measurementsof SO2 began at Augustine, Spurr, Redoubt and Iliamna in 1986 and are ongoing at the time of the report. Intermittent measurements of SO2 began at Mt. Spurr in 1991 and are ongoing at the time of the report. Measurements reported here end July 7, 1994.

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: Carbon dioxide gas
Attribute_Definition: Airborne carbon dioxide associated with volcanic activity.
Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-55.
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 12000
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: metric tons per day
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 10

Beginning_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19900320
Ending_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19940707
Attribute_Measurement_Frequency:

Intermittent measurements of CO2 began at Mt. Spurr, Augustine, and Iliamna in March, 1990 and are ongoing at the time of the report. Intermittent measurements of CO2 began at Redoubt in June 1990 and are ongoing at the time of the report. Measurements reported here end July 7, 1994.

Distribution_Information:

Distributor:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Kevin M. Foley
Contact_Organization: Global Climate History Program, U.S. Geological Survey

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing address
Address:

Mail Stop 918
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive

City: Reston
State_or_Province: Virginia
Postal_Code: 20192

Contact_Voice_Telephone: (703) 648-5285
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (703) 648-6560
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: kfoley@usgs.gov

Resource_Description: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-55
Distribution_Liability:

This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards (or with the North American Stratigraphic Code). Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Standard_Order_Process:

Digital_Form:

Digital_Transfer_Information:

Format_Name: ASCII
Format_Specification: tab-delimited
Format_Information_Content:

The information is structured and formatted for retrieval using web browsers.

Digital_Transfer_Option:

Online_Option:

Computer_Contact_Information:

Network_Address:

Network_Resource_Name:

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-055/core/meta/tables/table1.tab

Network_Resource_Name:

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-055/core/meta/tables/table2.tab

Fees: none

Metadata_Reference_Information:

Metadata_Date: 20160613
Metadata_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Peter N Schweitzer
Contact_Organization: USGS Midwest Area

Contact_Position:

Collection manager, USGS Geoscience Data Clearinghouse, http://geo-nsdi.er.usgs.gov/

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing address
Address:

Mail Stop 954
12201 Sunrise Valley Dr

City: Reston
State_or_Province: VA
Postal_Code: 20192-0002
Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703-648-6533
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 703-648-6252
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pschweitzer@usgs.gov

Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998

This page is <https://geo-nsdi.er.usgs.gov/metadata/open-file/95-55/metadata.html>