Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Robert S. Thompson Originator: C.G. Oviatt Originator: A.P. Roberts Originator: J. Buchner Originator: R. Kelsey Originator: C. Bracht Originator: R.M. Forester Originator: J.P. Bradbury Publication_Date: 1995 Title: Stratigraphy, Sedimentology, Paleontology, and Paleomagnetism of Pliocene-Early Pleistocene Lacustrine Deposits in Two Cores from Western Utah Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 95-1 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Denver, CO Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/ Description: Abstract: The data contained in this report represent our preliminary findings of the analyses of two cores of Pliocene and early Pleistocene sediments from the eastern Great Basin. This is a collaborative project involving specialists from the USGS, Kansas State University, and the University of California-Davis in paleontology (Thompson, Buchner, Forester, Bradbury), stratigraphy and sedimentology (Oviatt, Kelsey, Bracht), and paleomagnetism and environmental magnetism (Roberts). Purpose: We are investigating the paleoclimatic history of western Utah as part of the USGS Global Change and Climate History Program studies of long-term climatic changes in the western United States. Our initial objective is to document the environmental conditions during the mid-Pliocene period of warmer-than-modern global climates (the focus of the USGS Pliocene Research, Interpretation, and Synoptic Mapping [PRISM] project). We also seek to determine how and when these conditions gave way to the late Quaternary pattern of climatic variations (in which short periods of very moist climates have been separated by long periods of arid conditions). Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 1995 Currentness_Reference: publication date Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -113.217 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -112.950 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 39.035 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 38.715 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: climate change Theme_Keyword: paleontology Theme_Keyword: stratigraphy Theme_Keyword: sedimentology Theme_Keyword: paleomagnetism Theme_Keyword: vegetation Theme_Keyword: precipitation (atmospheric) Theme_Keyword: unconsolidated deposits Theme_Keyword: palynology Theme_Keyword: ostracodes Theme_Keyword: datasets Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: National Geologic Map Database Catalog themes, augmented Theme_Keyword: 1700 - Paleontology Theme_Keyword: 1800 - Paleobotany Theme_Keyword: 1900 - Geochemistry Theme_Keyword: 1600 - Geochronology Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Categories Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Augmented FIPS 10-4 and FIPS 6-4 Place_Keyword: f49027 = Millard Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Theme_Keyword: Paleoclimate Theme_Keyword: Paleontology Theme_Keyword: Stratigraphy Theme_Keyword: Sedimentology Theme_Keyword: Paleomagnetism Theme_Keyword: Vegetation Theme_Keyword: Precipitation Theme_Keyword: Sediment Theme_Keyword: Palynology Theme_Keyword: Ostracode Theme_Keyword: Diatom Theme_Keyword: Pollen Theme_Keyword: Petrology Theme_Keyword: Lacustrine Theme_Keyword: Carbonate Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Place_Keyword: western United States Place_Keyword: Utah Place_Keyword: UT Place_Keyword: Black Rock Place_Keyword: Sevier Lake Place_Keyword: Beaver River Place_Keyword: Pit of Death Stratum: Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Stratum_Keyword: Bishop Ash Stratum_Keyword: Black Rock Basalt Stratum_Keyword: Lava Creek B tephra Temporal: Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Temporal_Keyword: Holocene Temporal_Keyword: Pleistocene Temporal_Keyword: Pliocene Temporal_Keyword: Brunhes Temporal_Keyword: Matuyama Temporal_Keyword: Gauss Temporal_Keyword: Jaramillo Temporal_Keyword: Cobb Mountain Temporal_Keyword: Olduvai Temporal_Keyword: Reunion Temporal_Keyword: Kaena Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: None Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Robert S. Thompson Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: Box 25046, Mail Stop 919 Denver Federal Center City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 303-236-5347 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 303-236-5349 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rthompson@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/2-material/fig1.gif Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Locations of sites discussed in text. The shaded areas represent elevations above 6000 ft (1829 m). Woodland and forest vegetation generally occurs above this elevation, steppe and desert below. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: GIF Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/3-black_rock/fig3.gif Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Black Rock core stratigraphy plotted against the magnetostratigraphy, macrofossil occurrences, and magnetic susceptibility. BR = Brunhes, J = Jaramillo, C = Cobb Mountain, O = Olduvai, R = Reunion, X = Anomaly X, K = Kaena. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: GIF Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/4-pit_of_death/fig9.gif Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Pit of Death Stratigraphy. Br = Brunhes, J = Jaramillo, O = Olduvai, R = Réunion, X = Anomaly X. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: GIF Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/4-pit_of_death/fig13.gif Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Comparison of Black Rock and Pit of Death chronologies. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: GIF Data_Set_Credit: This report is the preliminary result of a collaborative project involving specialists from the USGS, Kansas State University, and the University of California-Davis in paleontology (Robert S. Thompson, Jennifer Rose Buchner, R.M. Forester, J.P. Bradbury), stratigraphy and sedimentology (Charles G. Oviatt, Rachel Kelsey, Christopher Bracht), and paleomagnetism and environmental magnetism (Andrew P. Roberts). Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Accuracy of measurements and processes is discussed in detail in the "Materials and Methods" section of the report. Logical_Consistency_Report: Coring equipment and original logs record core depths for both cores in the English units of "decimal feet". The depths recorded in the Metric units of "meters" were calculated from the English measurements. Both alternating-field and thermal methods were used for demagnetization of paleomagnetic samples. When the thermal method was used, magnetic susceptibility was measured at each demagnetization step to monitor for thermal alteration. Completeness_Report: Core Collection Black Rock Core Approximately 8 ft (2.4 m) of tan silt overlies 17 ft (5.2 m) of basalt at the Black Rock site. The coring process did not recover any of the silt or basalt (although some of the silt was recovered in Shelby tubes), nor was it possible to recover the uppermost few feet of sediment underlying the basalt. Core recovery began at 25.25 ft (7.7 m) and extended down to 896.83 ft (273.35 m). As shown in Appendix 1, core recovery was excellent throughout most of this depth range. Pit of Death Core The only unrecovered section of significant thickness in the Pit of Death core is near the bottom. Pebbly mud in the interval between 428 and 431 ft overlies an interval of about 40 ft of sand and gravel, from which no core was recovered. From 472 ft to the base of the core at 512 ft, is a sequence of moderately cemented, poorly sorted, tuffaceous sand. Palynological Analysis Of the 159 samples processed from the Black Rock site, 142 contained sufficient pollen for analysis. Ten samples were processed from the Pit of Death core, and all were barren of pollen. Plant Macrofossil Analysis The occurrences of these plant macrofossils has been recorded during the sediment descriptions and by examination of slides prepared for ostracode analysis. Ostracode Analysis Approximately 920 samples have been prepared from the Black Rock core, and 10 from the Pit of Death Core. Diatom Analysis Twenty-four samples have been analyzed from the Black Rock core and 10 from the Pit of Death core. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The horizontal coordinates of the drilling sites are given in degrees, minutes and seconds of latitude and longitude. A second of longitude at 39 degrees latitude is approximately 19.45 meters. A second of latitude is approximately 30.92 meters. This suggests that the longitude of the sites is known to within 19.45 meters and the latitude of the sites is known to within 30.92 meters. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The elevation of the Black Rock site is given as 4930 feet and the elevation of the Pit of Death site is given as 4535 feet. This suggests that the measurements are accurate to within 5 vertical feet. Core logs (Appendix 1, Appendix 4) indicate that the drilling machinery indicated drilling depth in increments of 1/100th of a foot. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Billings, W.D. Publication_Date: 1949 Title: The shadscale vegetation zone of Nevada and eastern California in relation to climate and soils Series_Information: Series_Name: American Midland Naturalist Issue_Identification: v. 42, p. 87-109 Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Billings (1949) Source_Contribution: Ecology of shadescale vegetation Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 1949 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Cande, S.C. Originator: Kent, D.V Publication_Date: 1992 Title: A new geomagnetic polarity time scale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal of Geophysical Research Issue_Identification: v. 97, p. 13, 917-13,951 Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Cande and Kent (1992) Source_Contribution: Paleomagnetic framework Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: cc82000000 Ending_Date: Present Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Canfield, D.E. Originator: Berner, R.A. Publication_Date: 1987 Title: Dissolution and pyritization of magnetite in anoxic marine sediments Series_Information: Series_Name: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Issue_Identification: v. 51, p. 645-659. Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Canfield and Berner (1987) Source_Contribution: Chemistry of magnetic minerals in reducing environments. Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: cc4500000000 Ending_Date: Present Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Condie, K.C. Originator: Barsky, C.K. Publication_Date: 1972 Title: Origin of the Quaternary basalts from the Black Rock Desert region, Utah Series_Information: Series_Name: Geological Society of America Bulletin Issue_Identification: v. 83, p. 333-352. Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Condie and Barsky (1972) Source_Contribution: K-Ar dates on the Black Rock basalt Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: cc1900000 Ending_Date: Present Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Crecraft, H. R. Originator: Nash, W. P. Originator: Evans, S. H., Jr. Publication_Date: 1981 Title: Late Cenozoic volcanism at Twin Peaks, Utah - Geology and petrology Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal of Geophysical Research Issue_Identification: v. 86: p. 10,303-10,320 Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Crecraft, Nash and Evans (1981) Source_Contribution: K-Ar dates on Black Rock Basalt Paleotectonic framework Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: cc24600000 Ending_Date: Present Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Cui, Y. Originator: Roberts, A.P Originator: Verosub, K.L. Originator: Thompson, R.S. Originator: Oviatt, C.G. Publication_Date: 1994 Title: A Study of the Matuyama-Brunhes Geomagnetic Polarity Transition From Sevier Lake, Utah [abs.] Series_Information: Series_Name: EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union Issue_Identification: v. 75, p. 194-195 Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Cui et al. (1994) Source_Contribution: Magnetostratigraphy Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: cc780000 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Davis, O.K. Publication_Date: 1984 Title: Pollen frequencies reflect vegetation patterns in a Great Basin (U.S.A.) mountain range Series_Information: Series_Name: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology Issue_Identification: v. 40, p. 295-315. Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Davis (1984) Source_Contribution: Regional studies of modern pollen rain Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: Present Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Davis, O.K. Publication_Date: 1993 Title: Preliminary pollen analysis of Neogene sediment of the Great Salt Lake, U.S.A [abs] Series_Information: Series_Name: American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists, Inc., Program and Abstracts Issue_Identification: 1993 Annual Meeting, Baton Rouge, LA, p. 20. Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Davis (1993) Source_Contribution: Palynological data from Indian Cove, Great Salt Lake Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: cc24600000 Ending_Date: cc1900000 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: DeMenocal, P.B. Originator: Ruddiman, W.F. Originator: Kent, D.V. Publication_Date: 1990 Title: Depth of post-depositional remanence acquisition in deep-sea sediments: a case study of the Brunhes-Matuyama reversal and oxygen isotope stage 19.1 Series_Information: Series_Name: Earth and Planetary Science Letters Issue_Identification: v. 99, p. 1-13 Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Citation_Abbreviation: DeMenocal, Ruddiman and Kent (1990) Source_Contribution: Magnetic remanence acquisition in sediments. Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: cc780000 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Eardley, A.J. Originator: Shuey, R.T. Originator: Gvosdetsky, V. Originator: Nash, W.P. Originator: Picard, M.D. Originator: Grey, D.C. Originator: Kukla, G.J. Publication_Date: 1973 Title: Lake cycles in the Bonneville Basin, Utah Series_Information: Series_Name: Geological Society of America Bulletin Issue_Identification: v. 84, p. 211-216 Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Eardley, et al (1973) Source_Contribution: Climatological interpretation of correlative cores Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: cc3000000 Ending_Date: Present Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Machette, M. N. Publication_Date: 1985 Title: Late Cenozoic geology of the Beaver basin, southwestern Utah Series_Information: Series_Name: Brigham Young University Geology Studies Issue_Identification: v. 32, pt. 1, p. 19-37. Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Machette (1985) Source_Contribution: Paleohydrology of the Beaver River and the Sevier River drainage systems. Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: cc24600000 Ending_Date: Present Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Oviatt, C. G. Publication_Date: 1991 Title: Quaternary geology of the Black Rock Desert, Millard County, Utah Series_Information: Series_Name: Utah Geological and Mineral Survey Special Studies Issue_Identification: 73, 23 p. Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Oviatt (1991) Source_Contribution: Paleotectonic framework Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: cc1900000 Ending_Date: Present Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Oviatt, C. G. Publication_Date: 1992 Title: Quaternary geology of the Scipio Valley area, Millard and Juab Counties, Utah Series_Information: Series_Name: Utah Geological Survey Special Study Issue_Identification: no. 79, 16 p. Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Oviatt (1992) Source_Contribution: Depositional history of the Sevier River drainage Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: cc1900000 Ending_Date: Present Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Oviatt, C. G. Publication_Date: 1994 Title: Review of the Quaternary geology of the Sevier and Black Rock Deserts Series_Information: Series_Name: Utah Geological Association Publication Issue_Identification: v. 23, p. 97-103. Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Oviatt (1994) Source_Contribution: Stratigraphic framework Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: cc1900000 Ending_Date: Present Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Roberts, A.P. Originator: Turner, G.M. Publication_Date: 1993 Title: Diagenetic formation of ferrimagnetic iron sulphide minerals in rapidly deposited marine sediments. Series_Information: Series_Name: Earth and Planetary Science Letters Issue_Identification: v. 115, p. 257-273. Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Roberts and Turner (1993) Source_Contribution: Chemistry of magnetic minerals in reducing environments. Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: Unknown Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Thompson, Robert S. Publication_Date: 1991 Title: Pliocene environments and climates in the western United States Series_Information: Series_Name: Quaternary Science Reviews Issue_Identification: v. 10, p. 115-132. Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Thompson (1991) Source_Contribution: Climatological interpretation of the Pliocene pollen record Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: cc5100000 Ending_Date: cc1900000 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Thompson, R.S. Publication_Date: 1996 Title: Pliocene and early Pleistocene environments and climates of the western Snake River Plain, Idaho Series_Information: Series_Name: Marine Micropaleontology Issue_Identification: 1996 Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Thompson (in press) Source_Contribution: Late Gauss Chron pollen data from southern Idaho Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: cc5100000 Ending_Date: cc1000000 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Vance, R.E. Originator: Mathewes, R.W. Publication_Date: 1994 Title: Deposition of modern pollen and plant macrofossils in a hypersaline prairie lake basin Series_Information: Series_Name: Canadian Journal of Botany Issue_Identification: v. 72, p. 539-548. Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Vance and Mathewes (1994) Source_Contribution: Palynological framework Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: Unknown Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Verosub, K.L. Originator: Roberts, A.P. Publication_Date: 1996 Title: Environmental magnetism: past, present, and future Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal of Geophysical Research Issue_Identification: in press Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Verosub and Roberts (in press) Source_Contribution: Magnetostratigraphic correlation of lake-catchment sediments. Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: Unknown Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Williams, S.K. Publication_Date: 1994 Title: Late Cenozoic tephrostratigraphy of deep sediment cores from the Bonneville Basin, northwest Utah Series_Information: Series_Name: Geological Society of America Bulletin Issue_Identification: v. 105, p. 1517-1530. Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Williams (1994) Source_Contribution: Climatological interpretation of correlative core material Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: cc24600000 Ending_Date: Present Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Process_Step: Process_Description: Core collection and curation. The Black Rock and Pit of Death sediment cores were drilled in July, August, and September of 1993 with a Portadrill 524-3A rotary drilling rig that took a 3" (7.62 cm) diameter core. The cores are archived at the USGS Core Repository on the Denver Federal Center. The coring equipment and original records are in English units, and to maintain continuity with those records, core depths are reported here in English units. Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: C. G. Oviatt Contact_Organization: Department of Geology, Kansas State University Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: Department of Geology, Kansas State University City: Manhattan State_or_Province: Kansas Postal_Code: 66506 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 913-532-6724 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: joviatt@ksuvm.ksu.edu Process_Date: 19930930 Process_Step: Process_Description: Ostracode Analysis. Sediment samples for ostracode analysis were split into two fractions, a larger fraction for isotopic analysis of ostracode shells (~15 g) and a smaller fraction for ostracode counts (~5 g). The samples were subjected to a freeze/thaw process to disaggregate clay particles and then washed with hot water over a 100 mm mesh screen. Approximately 920 samples have been prepared from the Black Rock core, and 10 from the Pit of Death Core. Process_Date: Unknown Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: R.M. Forester Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: U.S. Geological Survey Mail Stop 919 Box 25046 Denver Federal Center City: Denver State_or_Province: Colorado Postal_Code: 80225-0046 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (303) 236-5656 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: forester@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Stratigraphy and sedimentology. Core sediments were logged in the field, and the stratigraphy and sedimentology was studied in greater detail in the laboratory by Oviatt and Kelsey (Black Rock) and Oviatt and Bracht (Pit of Death). These researchers have analyzed samples for carbonate, sand, and mud contents at approximately one-foot (30 cm) intervals throughout both cores. X-ray analysis is on-going for carbonate minerals from representative samples from both cores. Process_Date: Unknown Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: C. G. Oviatt Contact_Organization: Department of Geology, Kansas State University Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: Department of Geology, Kansas State University City: Manhattan State_or_Province: Kansas Postal_Code: 66506 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 913-532-6724 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: joviatt@ksuvm.ksu.edu Process_Step: Process_Description: Paleomagnetic Analysis. Oriented paleomagnetic samples were taken by carving pedestals into the cores and slipping plastic boxes (2.5 x 2.5 x 1.5 cm) over the pedestals. In general, samples were collected at 1 m (3.3 ft) intervals throughout the length of both cores.For paleomagnetic studies, 307 and 139 samples were analyzed from the Black Rock and Pit of Death cores respectively. The samples were stepwise demagnetized by either alternating field (AF) or thermal methods. AF demagnetization was generally carried out at successive peak fields of 0, 10, 20, 25, 40, and 60 mT, and in some cases, additional intermediate steps were included at peak fields of 5, 15, 30, and 50 mT. Thermal demagnetization was carried out at successive steps of 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, and 600 degrees C. Magnetic susceptibility was measured at each thermal demagnetization level to monitor for thermal alteration. Remanence measurements were made on a 2G Enterprises cryogenic magnetometer. AF demagnetization was carried out with a Schonstedt AF demagnetizer and thermal demagnetization was carried out with a Schonstedt thermal demagnetizing unit. Magnetic susceptibility was measured with a Bartington Instruments magnetic susceptibility meter. Characteristic remanence directions were determined from stably magnetized samples by linear regression fits to the demagnetization data. Three types of demagnetization behavior are evident and are designated as types A, B, and C. Type A behavior is displayed by demagnetization data that decay to the origin of vector component plots with little deviation from linearity (Figure 2a, d). Type B behavior is displayed by samples that yield more scattered demagnetization data, nevertheless, the direction of magnetization can be unambiguously determined (Figure 2b, e). Type C behavior is displayed by samples for which no stable direction of remanence, or even an indication of polarity, can be determined (Figure 2c, f). In general, the data quality from the Pit of Death core are of substantially higher quality than those from the Black Rock core. Of the 139 samples analyzed from the Pit of Death core, 81%, 16%, and 3% of the samples displayed behavior of types A, B, and C, respectively. Of the 307 samples analyzed from the Black Rock core, 17%, 54%, and 29% of the samples displayed behavior of types A, B, and C,respectively. The Black Rock and Pit of Death cores were azimuthally unoriented. The paleomagnetic polarity was therefore determined solely from inclination data. All ages of paleomagnetic datums follow those of Cande and Kent (1992). Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Andrew P. Roberts Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: Department of Geology University of California City: Davis, CA 95616 State_or_Province: California Postal_Code: 95616 Country: United States of America Contact_Voice_Telephone: (916) 752-1861 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: Roberts@geology.ucdavis.edu Process_Date: Unknown Process_Step: Process_Description: Magnetic susceptibility. The magnetic susceptibility of the Black Rock and Pit of Death core sediments was measured by analyzing selected depth intervals with a Sapphire whole-core pass-through susceptometer. For susceptibility studies, 766 levels were measured from the Black Rock core and 411 from the Pit of Death core. Process_Date: Unknown Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Andrew P. Roberts Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: Department of Geology University of California City: Davis, CA 95616 State_or_Province: California Postal_Code: 95616 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (916) 752-1861 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: Roberts@geology.ucdavis.edu Process_Step: Process_Description: Palynological Analysis. Sediment samples from the Black Rock and Pit of Death cores were processed with chemical reagents (HCl, HF, heavy liquids) to remove unwanted mineral materials. The sample residues were analyzed under 400X to 1000X magnification, and a minimum of 300 terrestrial pollen grains were counted from each sample (except for samples above ~150 ft in the Black Rock core, where pollen concentrations were so low that only 200 grain counts were possible). Of the 159 samples processed from the Black Rock site, 142 contained sufficient pollen for analysis. Ten samples were processed from the Pit of Death core, and all were barren of pollen. Process_Date: Unknown Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Robert S. Thompson Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: U.S. Geological Survey Box 25046, Mail Stop 919 Denver Federal Center City: Denver State_or_Province: Colorado Postal_Code: 80225 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (303) 236-0439 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (303) 236-5690 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rthompson@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Diatom Analysis. Preliminary analysis of diatoms from the two cores were conducted using water mounts of unprocessed sediment smears. Twenty-four samples have been analyzed from the Black Rock core and 10 from the Pit of Death core. Process_Date: Unknown Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: J.P. Bradbury Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: U.S. Geological Survey Mail Stop 919 Box 25046 Denver Federal Center City: Denver State_or_Province: Colorado Postal_Code: 80225-0046 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (303) 236-5666 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbradbur@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Plant macrofossil Analysis. Seeds and leaf fragments and Ruppia and other plants are present throughout most of the Black Rock core. The occurrences of these plant macrofossils have been recorded during the sediment descriptions and by examination of slides prepared for ostracode analysis. Process_Date: Unknown Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Robert S. Thompson Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: U.S. Geological Survey Box 25046, Mail Stop 919 Denver Federal Center City: Denver State_or_Province: Colorado Postal_Code: 80225 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (303) 236-0439 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (303) 236-5690 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rthompson@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Creation of original metadata record Process_Date: 20100720 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Kevin M. Foley Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: Mail Stop 918 U.S. Geological Survey 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive City: Reston State_or_Province: VA Postal_Code: 20192 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (703) 648-5285 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (703) 648-6560 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: kfoley@usgs.gov Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 1 Longitude_Resolution: 1 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Degrees, minutes, and decimal seconds Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Altitude_System_Definition: Altitude_Datum_Name: North American Vertical Datum of 1988 Altitude_Resolution: 1 Altitude_Distance_Units: feet Altitude_Encoding_Method: Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates Depth_System_Definition: Depth_Datum_Name: Local surface Depth_Resolution: 0.01 Depth_Distance_Units: feet Depth_Encoding_Method: Explicit depth coordinate included with horizontal coordinates Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Paleomagnetic sample Entity_Type_Definition: Oriented paleomagnetic samples are 2.5 x 2.5 x 1.5 cm. and were collected at 1 meter, (3.3 feet) intervals in both of the studied cores Entity_Type_Definition_Source: none Attribute: Attribute_Label: Paleomagnetic Inclination Attribute_Definition: Angle at which magnetic field lines dip, measured in degrees from the horizontal. Attribute_Definition_Source: American Geological Institute Glossary of Geology Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 90 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Decimal degrees Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1 Attribute_Measurement_Frequency: None planned Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: Black Rock Core Log. Lithologic description containing information on grain size, color, bedding structures, sedimentary structures and occurance of plant-macrofossils. >apx1.tab 1 Depth (feet) >apx1.tab 2 Depth (meters) >apx1.tab 3 Grain size description >apx1.tab 4 Color of material >apx1.tab 5 Bedding / sedimentary structures >apx1.tab 6 Miscellaneous notes Black Rock Core Paleomagnetic Data. Paleomagnetic inclination measured by either Alternating Field demagnetization method or thermal demagnetization method. >apx2.tab 1 Sample Label >apx2.tab 2 Depth of sample (feet) >apx2.tab 3 Depth of sample (meters) >apx2.tab 4 Declination (degrees) >apx2.tab 5 Inclination (degrees) >apx2.tab 6 Delta (degrees) >apx2.tab 7 Intensity >apx2.tab 8 Polarity (Reversed/Not Reversed) >apx2.tab 9 Method of Demagnetization (Thermal/Alternating Field) Black Rock Core Pollen Data. Counts of 57 pollen taxa from 159 samples from the Black Rock core. >apx3.tab 1 Depth (feet) >apx3.tab 2 Sum Terrestrial Pollen Sum >apx3.tab 3 Abies Abies count >apx3.tab 4 Junip. Juniperus-type count >apx3.tab 5 Picea Picea count >apx3.tab 6 Pinus Pinus count >apx3.tab 7 Ps./La. Pseudotsuga/Larix count >apx3.tab 8 Ts.he. Tsuga heterophylla count >apx3.tab 9 Ve.un. Vesiculate conifer undif. count >apx3.tab 10 Ep.tr. Ephedra trifurca-type count >apx3.tab 11 Ep.vi. Ephedra viridis-type >apx3.tab 12 Acer Acer count >apx3.tab 13 Alnus Alnus count >apx3.tab 14 Arce. Arceuthobium count >apx3.tab 15 Betula Betula count >apx3.tab 16 Celtis Celtis count >apx3.tab 17 Cerc. Cercocarpus-type count >apx3.tab 18 Frax. Fraxinus count >apx3.tab 19 Frem. Fremontodendron? count >apx3.tab 20 Holo. Holodiscus-type count >apx3.tab 21 Popu. Populus count >apx3.tab 22 Pote. Potentilla count >apx3.tab 23 Pter. Pterocarya? count >apx3.tab 24 Quer. Quercus count >apx3.tab 25 Rham. Rhamnaceae count >apx3.tab 26 Rosa. Rosaceae count >apx3.tab 27 Salix Salix count >apx3.tab 28 Sh./E. Shepherdia/Elaegnus count >apx3.tab 29 Symp. Symphoricarpos/Lonicera count >apx3.tab 30 Ulmus Ulmus count >apx3.tab 31 Ambr. Ambrosia-type count >apx3.tab 32 Arte. Artemisia count >apx3.tab 33 Tubu. Tubuliflorae count >apx3.tab 34 Ligu. Liguliflorae count >apx3.tab 35 Ch.Am. Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus count >apx3.tab 36 Sarc. Sarcobatus count >apx3.tab 37 Poac. Poaceae count >apx3.tab 38 Apia. Apiaceae count >apx3.tab 39 Bras. Brassicaceae count >apx3.tab 40 Cary. Caryophyllaceae count >apx3.tab 41 Erio. Eriogonum count >apx3.tab 42 Euph. Euphorbiaceae count >apx3.tab 43 Faba. Fabaceae count >apx3.tab 44 Gili. Gilia-type count >apx3.tab 45 Onag. Onagraceae count >apx3.tab 46 Phlox Phlox count >apx3.tab 47 Pole. Polemonium count >apx3.tab 48 Poly. Polygonaceae count >apx3.tab 49 Sola. Solanaceae count >apx3.tab 50 Thal. Thalictrum count >apx3.tab 51 Unkn. Unknown count >apx3.tab 52 Inde. Indeterminate count >apx3.tab 53 Mono. Monlete spores count >apx3.tab 54 Tril. Trilete spores count >apx3.tab 55 Cype. Cyperaceae count >apx3.tab 56 Myri. Myriophyllum count >apx3.tab 57 Ty.Sp. Typha/Sparganium count >apx3.tab 58 Pota. Potamogeton count >apx3.tab 59 Rupp. Ruppia count >apx3.tab 60 Botr. Botryococcus count >apx3.tab 61 Pedi. Pediastrum count >apx3.tab 62 Tracers Tracers count Pit of Death Core Log. Lithologic description of the Pit of Death Core containing information on grain size, color, bedding structures, sedimentary structures and occurance of plant-macrofossils. >apx4.tab 1 Depth (feet) >apx4.tab 2 Depth (meters) >apx4.tab 3 Grain size description >apx4.tab 4 Color of material >apx4.tab 5 Nature of boundary >apx4.tab 6 Bedding / sedimentary structures >apx4.tab 7 Miscellaneous notes Pit of Death Core Paleomagnetic Data. Paleomagnetic inclination measured by either Alternating Field demagnetization method or thermal demagnetization method. >apx5.tab 1 Sample Label >apx5.tab 2 Depth of sample (feet) >apx5.tab 3 Depth of sample (meters) >apx5.tab 4 Declination (degrees) >apx5.tab 5 Inclination (degrees) >apx5.tab 6 Delta (degrees) >apx5.tab 7 Intensity >apx5.tab 8 Polarity (Reversed/Not Reversed) >apx5.tab 9 Method of Demagnetization (Thermal/Alternating Field) >2-material/fig2.ps Vector component diagrams indicating representative demagnetizationbehavior of paleomagnetic samples. >http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/3-black_rock/fig3.gif >http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/3-black_rock/fig3.ps Diagram showing paleomagnetic interpretation, lithology, occurance of seeds, occurance of root traces, occurance of leaf impressions and magnetic susceptibility in the Black Rock core. >http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/3-black_rock/fig4.gif >http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/3-black_rock/fig4.ps Diagram showing the paleomagnetic inclination record of the Black Rock core. >http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/3-black_rock/fig5.gif >http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/3-black_rock/fig5.ps Diagram showing age vs. depth relationship based on paleomagnetics and tephrochronology in the Black Rock Core. >http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/3-black_rock/fig6.gif >http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/3-black_rock/fig6.ps Diagram showing paleomagnetic record and pollen percentages of 15 taxa in the Black Rock core. >http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/3-black_rock/fig7.gif >http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/3-black_rock/fig7.ps Diagram showing paleomagnetic record and pollen summary diagram of Conifers vs. Steppe plants vs. Other taxa. vs aquatic pollen types occuring in the Black Rock Core >http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/3-black_rock/fig8.gif >http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/3-black_rock/fig8.ps Diagram of Three-level moving averages of conifer and steppe pollen from the Black Rock Core vs. time. >http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/4-pit_of_death/fig9.gif >http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/4-pit_of_death/fig9.ps Diagram showing paleomagnetic interpretation, lithology, occurance of mud cracks and magnetic susceptibility in the Pit of Death core. >http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/4-pit_of_death/fig10.gif >http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/4-pit_of_death/fig10.ps Diagram showing the paleomagnetic inclination record of the Pit of Death core. >http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/4-pit_of_death/fig11.gif >http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/4-pit_of_death/fig11.ps Diagram showing age vs. depth relationship based on paleomagnetics and tephrochronology in the Pit of Death Core. >http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/4-pit_of_death/fig12.gif >http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/4-pit_of_death/fig12.ps Diagram comparing the magnetic susceptibiliy records of the Black Rock and Pit of Death cores. >http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/4-pit_of_death/fig13.gif >http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/4-pit_of_death/fig13.ps Diagram comparing the chronologies and depositional rates of the Black Rock and Pit of Death cores. >http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/5-discussion/fig14.gif >http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/5-discussion/fig14.ps Diagram comparing the lacustrine histories of Pliocene through Pleistocene sites in western Utah. Paleoenvironmental interpretations summarizing the analysis of approximately 900 ostracode samples from the Black Rock core. Summary of results of analysis of 10 ostracode samples from the Pit of Death core. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/of95-001.html Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Kevin M. Foley Contact_Organization: Global Climate History Program, U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: Mail Stop 918 U.S. Geological Survey 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive City: Reston State_or_Province: Virginia Postal_Code: 20192 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (703) 648-5285 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (703) 648-6560 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: kfoley@usgs.gov Resource_Description: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-1 Distribution_Liability: This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards (or with the North American Stratigraphic Code). Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: ASCII Format_Information_Content: The information is structured and formatted for retrieval using web browsers. Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/ Fees: none Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20160613 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Peter N Schweitzer Contact_Organization: USGS Midwest Area Contact_Position: Collection manager, USGS Geoscience Data Clearinghouse, http://geo-nsdi.er.usgs.gov/ Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: Mail Stop 954 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr City: Reston State_or_Province: VA Postal_Code: 20192-0002 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703-648-6533 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 703-648-6252 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pschweitzer@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998