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Sediment Magnetic and Geochemical Data from Quaternary Lacustrine Sediment in Two Cores from Tule Lake, Siskiyou County, California

Frequently anticipated questions:

• What does this data set describe?
  1. How should this data set be cited?
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
  3. What does it look like?
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
• Who produced the data set?
  1. Who are the originators of the data set?
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
• Why was the data set created?
• How was the data set created?
  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
• How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?
  1. How well have the observations been checked?
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the data, including topology?
• How can someone get a copy of the data set?
  1. Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
  2. Who distributes the data?
  3. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set?
  4. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
  5. How can I download or order the data?
• Who wrote the metadata?

What does this data set describe?

1. How should this data set be cited?

   Best, Patti J. , Reynolds, Richard L. , Rosenbaum, Joseph G. , Dean, Walt, Honey, Jeannine, Drexler, John, and Adam, David. P. , 1996, Sediment Magnetic and Geochemical Data from Quaternary Lacustrine Sediment in Two Cores from Tule Lake, Siskiyou County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-293, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Colorado.

   Online Links:

   • <http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/pub/lakes/tule_lake/OFR_96-293/OFR_96-293.html>

2. What geographic area does the data set cover?

   West_Bounding_Coordinate: -122.80

   East_Bounding_Coordinate: -122.80

   North_Bounding_Coordinate: 42.00

   South_Bounding_Coordinate: 42.00

3. What does it look like?

4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?

   Calendar_Date: 1996

   Currentness_Reference: publication date

5. What is the general form of this data set?

   Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: model

6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
   1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?

   2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?

      Horizontal positions are specified in geographic coordinates, that is, latitude and longitude. Latitudes are given to the nearest 0.05. Longitudes are given to the nearest 0.05. Latitude and longitude values are specified in Decimal degrees.

      Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition:

      Altitude_System_Definition:

      Altitude_Resolution: 5

      Altitude_Distance_Units: feet

      Altitude_Encoding_Method: Attribute values

      Altitude_Datum_Name: North American Vertical Datum of 1988

      Depth_System_Definition:

      Depth_Datum_Name: Local surface

      Depth_Resolution: .01

      Depth_Distance_Units: meters

      Depth_Encoding_Method: Attribute values

7. How does the data set describe geographic features?

   Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:

   Tule Lake Sample no.: A unique sample number used for all measurements.
   Core no.: Identifies core. Five cores were recovered from Tule Lake. This document provides data from cores 1 and 2.
   Drive no.: Identifies location in the core. Each core was divided into drives numbered sequentially starting with 1 at the top. Some drives have been further divided into slugs indicated by letters, starting with A at the top of the drive.
   Drive depth: The depth in meters of the top of the drive from the top of the core. Taken from driller¹s reports.
   Sample depth in drive (m): Midpoint of sample depth interval in meters.
   Sample depth in core (m): Sample depth within drive (m) plus adjusted depth from top of core.
   Adjusted depth in core (m): The depth in meters of the top of the drive from the top of the core. Depths for core 2 have been lowered by 1.17 meters based on the location of the Trego Hot Springs ash located in each core (see Bradbury, 1991).
   Sample density (kg/m3): Density of sample calculated from the mass of the dried box samples used in magnetic mineral studies.
   MSLF: Low-frequency magnetic susceptibility in m3/kg.
   FDMS: Frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility in percent.
   IRM (1.2T): Isothermal remanent magnetization from induction in a 1.2 tesla field at room temperature. Expressed in Am2/kg.
   IRM (-.3T): Isothermal remanent magnetization from induction in a -0.3 tesla field at room temperature. Expressed in Am2/kg.
   S: (S Ratio) calculated as IRM (-0.3T)/IRM(1.2T).
   HIRM: Hard isothermal remanent magnetization: HIRM is calculated as: [IRM(1.2T) + IRM(-0.3T)]/2 and expressed in Am2/kg.
   ARM: Anhysteretic remanent magnetization in Am2/kg.
   Element concentration, Cr: Chromium-ppm
   Element concentration, Cr: Copper-ppm
   Element concentration, Fe: Iron- Wt%
   Element concentration, Mn: Manganese-ppm
   Element concentration, Mo: Molybdenum-ppm
   Element concentration, Nb: Niobium-ppm
   Element concentration, Ni: Nickel-ppm
   Element concentration, Rb: Rubidium-ppm
   Element concentration, Sr: Strontium-ppm
   Element concentration, Ti: Titanium-Wt %
   Element concentration, V: Vanadium-ppm
   Element concentration, Y: Yttrium-ppm
   Element concentration, Zn: Zinc-ppm
   Element concentration, Zr: Zirconium-ppm
   Total Carbon: Percent of carbon (both organic and inorganic) in sample.
   Carbonate Carbon: Percent of inorganic carbon in sample.
   Organic Carbon: Percent of organic carbon in sample. Calculated as total carbon minus carbonate carbon.
   

   Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-293

Who produced the data set?

1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
   • Patti J. Best
   • Richard L. Reynolds
   • Joseph G. Rosenbaum
   • Walt Dean
   • Jeannine Honey
   • John Drexler
   • David. P. Adam

2. Who also contributed to the data set?

3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
   Richard L. Reynolds
   U.S. Geological Survey
   Geologist
   Box 25046, Denver Federal Center,
   Denver, Colorado 80225-0046
   United States of America
   

   (303) 236-1303 (voice)
   rreynolds@usgs.gov
   

Why was the data set created?

Comparisons of magnetic mineral and geochemical records to the existing climate records to provide insight into the response of lake-watershed system to climate change.

How was the data set created?

1. From what previous works were the data drawn?

   Adam and others (1989) (source 1 of 4)

   Adam, D.P., Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., Rieck, H.J., Bradbury, J.P., Dean, W.E., and Forester, R.M., 1989, Tulelake, California: The last 3 million years,: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology v.72, Elsevier, New York.

   Type_of_Source_Media: paper

   Source_Contribution: site description, drilling methods, lithology of sediments

   Best, 1996 (source 2 of 4)

   Best, P.J., 1996, Environmental controls on magnetic mineralogy and geochemistry of late Quaternary lacustrine sediments from Grass Lake and Tule Lake, northern California: M.S. Thesis, 139 p.: Masters of Science Thesis none, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder Colorado.

   Type_of_Source_Media: paper

   Source_Contribution: background study

   Best, 1996 (source 3 of 4)

   Bradbury, J.P., 1991, The late Cenozoic diatom stratigraphy and paleolimnology of Tule Lake, Siskyou County, California: Journal of Paleolimnology v.6, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.

   Type_of_Source_Media: paper

   Source_Contribution: complementary study

   Best, 1996 (source 4 of 4)

   Dean, W.E., 1996, Geochemistry of sediments from Tule Lake, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-257, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver.

   Type_of_Source_Media: paper

   Source_Contribution: complementary study

2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?

   Date: Unknown (process 1 of 5)

   Sampling
   Samples used for magnetic susceptibility and laboratory induced magnetizations were taken approximately every 5 cm. Samples, approximately 8 cm3 in volume and representing about 2 cm of depth in the core, were carved from the core and placed into plastic bags. Samples were transferred from bags into plastic cubes (3.2 cm3 in volume) for magnetic mineral measurements.

   Date: Unknown (process 2 of 5)

   Magnetic Susceptibility
   Volume susceptibility (MS) was measured using a susceptometer with a sensitivity better than 10-5 volume SI. Samples were measured in a 0.1 mT induction at a low frequency of 600Hz ( MSlf) and high frequency of 6000 Hz (MShf). For each sample, the MS value was determined as the mean of four measurements. Frequency dependent susceptibility was calculated as:
   FDMS=(MSlf-MShf)/MSlf.
   

   Date: Unknown (process 3 of 5)

   Laboratory induced magnetization
   A high-speed spinner magnetometer was used to measure anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) and isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM). ARM was imparted in a decreasing AF from a peak induction of 100 mT and a DC bias of 0.1 mT. IRM magnetizations were generated at room temperature using an impulse magnetizer. Samples were first subjected to IRM in a 1. 2T induction (IRM1.2T.) and were then were then magnetized in the opposite direction using an induction of 0.3T (IRM -0.3T). Hard isothermal remanent magnetization (HIRM) and the S- parameter were calculated as follows (King and Channel, 1991):
   HIRM=(IRM1.2T+IRM-0.3T)/2
   S=IRM-0.3T/IRM1.2T

   Date: Unknown (process 4 of 5)

   Elemental Abundance
   Elemental abundances were determined on selected samples using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis at the University of Colorado's Department of Geological Sciences. Contents of Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, Rb, Sr, Ti, V, Y, Zn and Zr were measured.

   Date: Unknown (process 5 of 5)

   Determination of carbon content
   Total carbon and inorganic (carbonate) carbon were determined using a coulometer on splits of powdered 1-cm samples of sediment (see Engleman and others, 1985) (Table 4). The carbonate in the untreated whole sample was acidified with perchloric acid to liberate CO2, which was titrated in the coulometer cell to measure carbonate carbon. Total carbon was measured by titrating CO2 liberated during sample combustion at 1050o C in a stream of oxygen. The technique has a precision of better than ± 0.5% for both carbonate and total carbon. Organic carbon was calculated as the difference between total and carbonate carbon.

3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

1. How well have the observations been checked?

   Sampling:
   Samples used for magnetic susceptibility and laboratory induced magnetizations were taken approximately every 5 cm. Samples, approximately 8 cm3 in volume and representing about 2 cm of depth in the core.
   Selected samples from the above group were used for geochemical and sedimentological analysis
   Magnetic Susceptibility: Volume susceptibility (MS) was measured using a susceptometer with a sensitivity better than 10-5 volume SI. Samples were measured in a 0.1 mT induction at a low frequency of 600Hz (MSlf) and high frequency of 6000 Hz (MShf).
   Laboratory induced magnetization:
   A high-speed spinner magnetometer was used to measure anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) and isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM). ARM was imparted in a decreasing AF from a peak induction of 100 mT and a DC bias of 0.1 mT. IRM magnetizations were generated at room temperature using an impulse magnetizer.
   Elemental Abundance:
   Elemental abundances were determined on selected samples using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis.
   Total carbon and inorganic carbon:
   Total carbon and inorganic (carbonate) carbon were determined using a coulometer on splits of powdered 1-cm samples of sediment The carbonate in the untreated whole sample was acidified with perchloric acid to liberate CO2. Total carbon was measured by titrating CO2 liberated during sample combustion at 1050o C in a stream of oxygen. The technique has a precision of better than 0.5% for both carbonate and total carbon.
   

2. How accurate are the geographic locations?

   The horizontal coordinates of the Tule Lake core site were determined from the position of the site on a 7.5 minute topo quad map The accuracy of the measurements are estimated to be + or - 0.005 degrees latitude and + or - 0.005 degrees longitude.

3. How accurate are the heights or depths?

   The altitude of the core sight was determined from a 7.5 minute topographic quadrangle map.

4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?

   
   A total of 738 samples were collected
   "Sample Density (kg/m3)" is recorder for all samples.
   Sediment magnetic data are recorded for all samples.
   Elemental abundance data are recorded for 100 samples, 21 from core TL-1 and 79 from core TL-2.
   Carbon contents data are recorded for 96 samples. Sediment magnetic data are recorded for all samples, 20 from core TL-1 and 76 from core TL-2.
   

5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?

   
   Two cores were taken at the Tule Lake site to provide a composite section of the top 60 meters of lacustrine sediment. Samples from core TL-1 range in depth from 0.875m to 12.255m and Samples from core TL-2 range in depth from 7.306m to 61.525m. Together they document 60.65 meters of sediment. "Adjusted depth in core (m)" reflects the numerical adjustment of depths in core TL-2 to stratigraphically align the two cores. Adjusted depth is given for all samples.
   The combination of the "Tule Lake sample no." and the "core no." provide a unique identifier for each sample. These designations, individually or combined, are used in all tables in this report.
   

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?

Access_Constraints: none

Use_Constraints: none

1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 2)
   USGS ESIC-Open-File Report Sales
   Mail Stop 517
   U.S. Geological Survey
   Box 25286, Building 810
   Denver Federal Center
   Denver, CO 80225-0286
   

   (303) 202-4210 (voice)
   (303) 236-4031 (FAX)
   

2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set?

   Open-File Report 96-294

3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?

   This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards (or with the North American Stratigraphic Code). Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

4. How can I download or order the data?
   • Availability in non-digital form:

     The full data set is published in paper form.

   • Cost to order the data: See <http://mapping.usgs.gov/esic/prices/index.html>

---

1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 2 of 2)
   Kevin M. Foley
   Mail Stop 918 National Center
   U.S. Geological Survey
   12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
   Reston, VA 20192
   USA
   

   (703) 648-5285 (voice)
   (703) 648-6560 (FAX)
   kfoley@usgs.gov
   

2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set?

3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?

   This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards (or with the North American Stratigraphic Code). Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

4. How can I download or order the data?

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:

Last modified: 18-Jun-1999

Metadata author:

Kevin M. Foley
U.S. Geological Survey
Physical Scientist
U.S. Geological Survey
Reston, Virginia 20192
USA

(703) 648-5285 (voice)
(703) 648-6560 (FAX)
kfoley@usgs.gov

Metadata standard:

FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)