Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Kenneth A. McGee Originator: Thomas J. Casadevall Publication_Date: 1994 Title: A Compilation of Sulfur Dioxide and Carbon Dioxide Emission-Rate Data from Mount St. Helens during 1980-88 Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 94-212 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/of94-212/ Description: Abstract: Airborne monitoring of Mount St. Helens by the USGS began in May 1980 for sulfur dioxide emissions and in July 1980 for carbon dioxide emissions. A correlation spectrometer, or COSPEC, was used to measure sulfur dioxide in Mount St. Helens' plume. The upward-looking COSPEC was mounted in a fixed-wing aircraft and flown below and at right angles to the plume. Typically, three to six traverses were made underneath the plume to determine the SO2 burden (concentration x pathlength) within a cross-section of the plume. Knowing the burden along with the plume width and plume velocity (assumed to be the same as ambient wind speed), we could then calculate the emission rate of SO2. The use of correlation spectroscopy for determining the sulfur dioxide output of volcanoes is well established and the technique has been discussed in detail by a number of investigators (Malinconico, 1979; Casadevall and others, 1981; Stoiber and others, 1983). Carbon dioxide in the Mount St. Helens plume was measured by an infrared spectrometer tuned to the 4.26 um CO2 absorption band. An external sample tube was attached to the fuselage of a twin-engine aircraft to deliver outside air to the gas cell of the spectrometer. The aircraft was then flown at several different elevations through the plume at right angles to plume trajectory to define plume area and carbon dioxide concentration in a vertical cross-section of the plume. These two parameters along with the density of CO2 for the altitude of the plume and the plume velocity (assumed as above to be equal to ambient wind speed) were then used to calculate the CO2 emission rate (Harris and others, 1981). Purpose: Presentation of airborne measurements of volcano emissions during and following the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19800501 Ending_Date: 19880918 Currentness_Reference: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-212 Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: Irregular Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -122.250 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -122.125 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 46.250 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 46.125 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: volcanic gas emissions Theme_Keyword: atmospheric composition Theme_Keyword: greenhouse gases Theme_Keyword: time-series datasets Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Theme_Keyword: Sulfur dioxide Theme_Keyword: Carbon dioxide Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: National Geologic Map Database Catalog themes, augmented Theme_Keyword: 1500 - Hazards Theme_Keyword: 1502 - Volcanoes Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Categories Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Augmented FIPS 10-4 and FIPS 6-4 Place_Keyword: f53059 = Skamania Access_Constraints: none Use_Constraints: none Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Kenneth A. McGee Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: David A. Johnston Cascades Volcano Observatory U.S. Geological Survey 5400 MacArthur Boulevard City: Vancouver State_or_Province: WA Postal_Code: 98661 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (206) 696-7695 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: kenmcgee@pwavan.wr.usgs.gov Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Kenneth A. McGee Publication_Date: 1992 Title: Volcanic-plume data from Mount St. Helens during 1980-88 Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 92-361 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: The use of correlation spectroscopy for determining the sulfur dioxide output of volcanoes is well established and the technique has been discussed in detail by a number of investigators (Malinconico, 1979; Casadevall and others, 1981; Stoiber and others, 1983). Logical_Consistency_Report: From May 1980 to September 1988, more than 1000 fixed-wing aircraft flights were made by the U.S. Geological Survey in order to measure and characterize gas emissions from Mount St. Helens. Sulfur dioxide was detected on the majority of these flights. However, toward the end of this time period, and particularly during the final two years of measurements, the sulfur dioxide burden was often below the detection limit of the COSPEC. On those days, the sulfur dioxide emission rate was arbitrarily assigned a value of 3 tonnes/day in the database. Carbon dioxide was routinely measured starting in July 1980. These measurements were discontinued in August 1981 after CO2 levels had declined to near background levels. Completeness_Report: The data listing in this report contains all of the available daily SO2 and CO2 emission rates determined by the USGS from May 1980 through the end of the measurements in September 1988. On a few occasions, two gas-measurement flights were made in a single day. In those cases, two emission-rate values are listed for that day. Portions of this database have been presented earlier by Casadevall and others (1981, 1983), Harris and others (1981), McGee (1992a), and McGee and Sutton (in press). Other data pertaining to these measurements such as plume dimensions and wind information were earlier listed in McGee (1992b). Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Airborne monitoring of Mount St. Helens by the USGS began in May 1980 for sulfur dioxide emissions and in July 1980 for carbon dioxide emissions. A correlation spectrometer, or COSPEC, was used to measure sulfur dioxide in Mount St. Helens' plume. The upward-looking COSPEC was mounted in a fixed-wing aircraft and flown below and at right angles to the plume. Typically, three to six traverses were made underneath the plume to determine the SO2 burden (concentration x pathlength) within a cross-section of the plume. Knowing the burden along with the plume width and plume velocity (assumed to be the same as ambient wind speed), we could then calculate the emission rate of SO2. Carbon dioxide in the Mount St. Helens plume was measured by an infrared spectrometer tuned to the 4.26 um CO2 absorption band. An external sample tube was attached to the fuselage of a twin-engine aircraft to deliver outside air to the gas cell of the spectrometer. The aircraft was then flown at several different elevations through the plume at right angles to plume trajectory to define plume area and carbon dioxide concentration in a vertical cross- section of the plume. These two parameters along with the density of CO2 for the altitude of the plume and the plume velocity (assumed as above to be equal to ambient wind speed) were then used to calculate the CO2 emission rate (Harris and others, 1981). Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Malinconico, L.L., 1979, Fluctuations in SO2 emission during recent eruptions of Etna: Nature, v. 278, p. 43-45. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Stoiber, R.E., Malinconico, L.L. and Williams, S.N., 1983, Use of the correlation spectrometer at volcanoes, in Tazieff, H. and Sabroux, J.C., eds., Forcasting Volcanic Events: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 425-444. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Harris, D.M., Sato, Motoaki, Casadevall, T.J., Rose, W.I. and Bornhorst, T.J., 1981, Emission rates of CO2 from plume measurements, in Lipman, P.W. and Mullineaux, D.L., eds., The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1250, p. 201-207. Process_Date: 1980 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Casadevall, T.J., Johnston, D.A., Harris, D.M., Rose, W. I., Malinconcio, L.L., Stoiber, R.E., Bornhorst, T.J., Williams, S.N., Woodruff, Laurel and Thompson, J.M., 1981, SO2 emission rates at Mount St. Helens from March 29 through December, 1980, in Lipman, P.W. and Mullineaux, D. L., eds., The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1250, p. 193-200. Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Kenneth A. McGee Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: David A. Johnston Cascades Volcano Observatory U.S. Geological Survey 5400 MacArthur Boulevard City: Vancouver State_or_Province: WA Postal_Code: 98661 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (206) 696-7695 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: kenmcgee@pwavan.wr.usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Indirect_Spatial_Reference: Typically, three to six traverses were made underneath the plume to determine the SO2 burden (concentration x pathlength) within a cross-section of the plume. Knowing the burden along with the plume width and plume velocity (assumed to be the same as ambient wind speed), we could then calculate the emission rate of SO2. Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Sulfur dioxide emission rate estimate Entity_Type_Definition: Typically, three to six traverses were made underneath the plume to determine the SO2 burden (concentration x pathlength) within a cross-section of the plume. Knowing the burden along with the plume width and plume velocity (assumed to be the same as ambient wind speed), we could then calculate the emission rate of SO2. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: The use of correlation spectroscopy for determining the sulfur dioxide output of volcanoes is well established and the technique has been discussed in detail by a number of investigators (Malinconico, 1979; Casadevall and others, 1981; Stoiber and others, 1983). Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sulfur dioxide emission rate estimate Attribute_Definition: Material flux in tonnes/day Attribute_Definition_Source: Casadevall, T.J., Johnston, D.A., Harris, D.M., Rose, W. I., Malinconcio, L.L., Stoiber, R.E., Bornhorst, T.J., Williams, S.N., Woodruff, Laurel and Thompson, J.M., 1981, SO2 emission rates at Mount St. Helens from March 29 through December, 1980, in Lipman, P.W. and Mullineaux, D. L., eds., The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1250, p. 193-200. Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3 Range_Domain_Maximum: no value exceeds 10000 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: tonnes/day Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Beginning_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19800501 Ending_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19880918 Attribute_Value_Accuracy_Information: Attribute_Value_Accuracy: 0.17 Attribute_Value_Accuracy_Explanation: Average ratio of standard deviation of the estimate to the value of the estimate. Standard deviations and the number of observations used to calculate the estimates are given along with the estimates. Attribute_Measurement_Frequency: Irregular Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Carbon dioxide emission rate estimate Entity_Type_Definition: Carbon dioxide in the Mount St. Helens plume was measured by an infrared spectrometer tuned to the 4.26 um CO2 absorption band. An external sample tube was attached to the fuselage of a twin-engine aircraft to deliver outside air to the gas cell of the spectrometer. The aircraft was then flown at several different elevations through the plume at right angles to plume trajectory to define plume area and carbon dioxide concentration in a vertical cross- section of the plume. These two parameters along with the density of CO2 for the altitude of the plume and the plume velocity (assumed as above to be equal to ambient wind speed) were then used to calculate the CO2 emission rate (Harris and others, 1981). Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Harris, D.M., Sato, Motoaki, Casadevall, T.J., Rose, W.I. and Bornhorst, T.J., 1981, Emission rates of CO2 from plume measurements, in Lipman, P.W. and Mullineaux, D.L., eds., The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1250, p. 201-207. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Carbon dioxide emission rate estimate Attribute_Definition: Material flux in tonnes/day Attribute_Definition_Source: Harris, D.M., Sato, Motoaki, Casadevall, T.J., Rose, W.I. and Bornhorst, T.J., 1981, Emission rates of CO2 from plume measurements, in Lipman, P.W. and Mullineaux, D.L., eds., The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1250, p. 201-207. Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3, but no actual value is smaller than 262 Range_Domain_Maximum: no value exceeds 25000 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: tonnes/day Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Beginning_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19800706 Ending_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19810828 Attribute_Measurement_Frequency: Irregular Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Peter N. Schweitzer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: Mail Stop 918 National Center U.S. Geological Survey 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive City: Reston State_or_Province: VA Postal_Code: 20192 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (703) 648-6533 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (703) 648-6560 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pschweitzer@usgs.gov Resource_Description: USGS Open-File Report 94-212 Distribution_Liability: This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards (or with the North American Stratigraphic Code). Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: ASCII Format_Information_Content: Text and data tables Transfer_Size: 0.338 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/of94-212/Core/raw/table.txt Fees: none Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20160205 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Peter N. Schweitzer Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Collection manager, USGS Geoscience Data Clearinghouse, http://geo-nsdi.er.usgs.gov/ Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: Mail Stop 918 National Center 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive City: Reston State_or_Province: VA Postal_Code: 20192 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (703) 648-6533 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (703) 648-6560 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pschweitzer@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998