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Planktic foraminifer census data from Northwind Ridge cores PI-88-AR P3, PI-88-AR P7, and PI-88-AR P9, Arctic Ocean

Frequently anticipated questions:

• What does this data set describe?
  1. How should this data set be cited?
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
  3. What does it look like?
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
• Who produced the data set?
  1. Who are the originators of the data set?
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
• Why was the data set created?
• How was the data set created?
  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
• How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?
  1. How well have the observations been checked?
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the data, including topology?
• How can someone get a copy of the data set?
  1. Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
  2. Who distributes the data?
  3. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set?
  4. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
  5. How can I download or order the data?
• Who wrote the metadata?

What does this data set describe?

1. How should this data set be cited?

   Foley, Kevin M. , and Poore, Richard Z. , 1993, Planktic foraminifer census data from Northwind Ridge cores PI-88-AR P3, PI-88-AR P7, and PI-88-AR P9, Arctic Ocean: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-218, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

   Online Links:

   • <http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/of93-218/>

2. What geographic area does the data set cover?

   West_Bounding_Coordinate: -159.00

   East_Bounding_Coordinate: -156.00

   North_Bounding_Coordinate: 75.10

   South_Bounding_Coordinate: 74.33

3. What does it look like?

4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?

   Calendar_Date: 1993

   Currentness_Reference: publication date

5. What is the general form of this data set?

6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
   1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?

      This is a Point data set. It contains the following vector data types (SDTS terminology):

      • Entity point (3)

   2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?

      Horizontal positions are specified in geographic coordinates, that is, latitude and longitude. Latitudes are given to the nearest 0.001. Longitudes are given to the nearest 0.001. Latitude and longitude values are specified in Decimal degrees.

      Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition:

      Depth_System_Definition:

      Depth_Datum_Name: top of recovered core

      Depth_Resolution: 0.005

      Depth_Distance_Units: meters

      Depth_Encoding_Method: Attribute values

7. How does the data set describe geographic features?

   data record

   All measurements reported from a core sample.

   depth1

   Depth in cm of the top of the sampled interval. (Source: Foley, K.M., and Poore, R.Z., 1993, Planktic foraminifer census data from Northwind Ridge cores PI-88-AR P3, PI-88- AR P7, and PI-88-AR P9, Arctic Ocean: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-218, 11p.)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0.0
   Maximum:	623.9
   Units:	cm
   Resolution:	0.1

   depth2

   Depth in cm of the bottom of the sampled interval. (Source: Foley, K.M., and Poore, R.Z., 1993, Planktic foraminifer census data from Northwind Ridge cores PI-88-AR P3, PI-88- AR P7, and PI-88-AR P9, Arctic Ocean: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-218, 11p.)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	2.0
   Maximum:	625.9
   Units:	cm
   Resolution:	0.1

   wt<62um

   Weight in grams of that part of the sample passing through the 62um sieve. (Source: Foley, K.M., and Poore, R.Z., 1993, Planktic foraminifer census data from Northwind Ridge cores PI-88-AR P3, PI-88- AR P7, and PI-88-AR P9, Arctic Ocean: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-218, 11p.)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	4.82
   Maximum:	23.71
   Units:	grams
   Resolution:	0.01

   wt%<62um

   Percentage of the total sample weight represented by the material passing through the 62um sieve. (Source: Foley, K.M., and Poore, R.Z., 1993, Planktic foraminifer census data from Northwind Ridge cores PI-88-AR P3, PI-88- AR P7, and PI-88-AR P9, Arctic Ocean: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-218, 11p.)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	34.9
   Maximum:	100
   Units:	percent by weight
   Resolution:	0.1

   wt62um-2mm

   Weight in grams of that part of the sample passing through the 2mm sieve but retained on the 62um sieve. (Source: Foley, K.M., and Poore, R.Z., 1993, Planktic foraminifer census data from Northwind Ridge cores PI-88-AR P3, PI-88- AR P7, and PI-88-AR P9, Arctic Ocean: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-218, 11p.)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	9
   Units:	gram
   Resolution:	0.01

   wt%62um-2mm

   Percentage of the total sample weight represented by the material passing through the 2mm sieve but retained on the 62um sieve. (Source: Foley, K.M., and Poore, R.Z., 1993, Planktic foraminifer census data from Northwind Ridge cores PI-88-AR P3, PI-88- AR P7, and PI-88-AR P9, Arctic Ocean: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-218, 11p.)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	65.1
   Units:	percent by weight
   Resolution:	0.1

   wt>2mm

   Weight in grams of that part of the sample retained on the 2mm sieve. (Source: Foley, K.M., and Poore, R.Z., 1993, Planktic foraminifer census data from Northwind Ridge cores PI-88-AR P3, PI-88- AR P7, and PI-88-AR P9, Arctic Ocean: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-218, 11p.)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	9.25
   Units:	gram
   Resolution:	0.01

   wt%>2mm

   Percentage of the total sample weight represented by the material retained on the 2mm sieve. (Source: Foley, K.M., and Poore, R.Z., 1993, Planktic foraminifer census data from Northwind Ridge cores PI-88-AR P3, PI-88- AR P7, and PI-88-AR P9, Arctic Ocean: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-218, 11p.)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	46.6
   Units:	percent by weight
   Resolution:	0.1

   total wt

   Total weight of the sample. (Source: Foley, K.M., and Poore, R.Z., 1993, Planktic foraminifer census data from Northwind Ridge cores PI-88-AR P3, PI-88- AR P7, and PI-88-AR P9, Arctic Ocean: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-218, 11p.)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	5.04
   Maximum:	30.78
   Units:	gram
   Resolution:	0.01

   1/split

   Proportion of the sample from which specimens were counted; a value of 1 indicates all of the sample was used to derive the counts, a value of 2 indicates half of the sample was used, and so on. (Source: Foley, K.M., and Poore, R.Z., 1993, Planktic foraminifer census data from Northwind Ridge cores PI-88-AR P3, PI-88- AR P7, and PI-88-AR P9, Arctic Ocean: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-218, 11p.)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	1
   Maximum:	128
   Units:	parts
   Resolution:	1

   spach

   Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (Ehrenberg) left coiling. (Source: Foley, K.M., and Poore, R.Z., 1993, Planktic foraminifer census data from Northwind Ridge cores PI-88-AR P3, PI-88- AR P7, and PI-88-AR P9, Arctic Ocean: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-218, 11p.)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	1007
   Units:	individuals
   Resolution:	1

   dpach

   Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (Ehrenberg) right-coiling. This category is restricted to specimens with 4 chambers in the ultimate whorl. Right-coiling specimens that have more than 4 chambers in the ultimate whorl are tabulated as "dupac". (Source: Foley, K.M., and Poore, R.Z., 1993, Planktic foraminifer census data from Northwind Ridge cores PI-88-AR P3, PI-88- AR P7, and PI-88-AR P9, Arctic Ocean: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-218, 11p.)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	20
   Units:	individuals
   Resolution:	1

   dupac

   This category is used for specimens of right-coiling Neogloboquadrina with more than 4 chambers in the ultimate whorl. (Source: Foley, K.M., and Poore, R.Z., 1993, Planktic foraminifer census data from Northwind Ridge cores PI-88-AR P3, PI-88- AR P7, and PI-88-AR P9, Arctic Ocean: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-218, 11p.)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	23
   Units:	individuals
   Resolution:	1

   other

   Deformed planktic specimens and specimens resembling Turborotalita quinqueloba. (Source: Foley, K.M., and Poore, R.Z., 1993, Planktic foraminifer census data from Northwind Ridge cores PI-88-AR P3, PI-88- AR P7, and PI-88-AR P9, Arctic Ocean: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-218, 11p.)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	22
   Units:	individuals
   Resolution:	1

   total plank

   Total number of planktic foraminifers in the counting split. (Source: Foley, K.M., and Poore, R.Z., 1993, Planktic foraminifer census data from Northwind Ridge cores PI-88-AR P3, PI-88- AR P7, and PI-88-AR P9, Arctic Ocean: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-218, 11p.)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	1052
   Units:	individuals
   Resolution:	1

   total benth

   Total number of benthic foraminifers in the counting split. (Source: Foley, K.M., and Poore, R.Z., 1993, Planktic foraminifer census data from Northwind Ridge cores PI-88-AR P3, PI-88- AR P7, and PI-88-AR P9, Arctic Ocean: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-218, 11p.)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	191
   Units:	individuals
   Resolution:	1

   plank/gram>150um

   The total number of planktic foraminifers >150um in the sample divided by the weight of the sample in grams. (Source: Foley, K.M., and Poore, R.Z., 1993, Planktic foraminifer census data from Northwind Ridge cores PI-88-AR P3, PI-88- AR P7, and PI-88-AR P9, Arctic Ocean: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-218, 11p.)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	7320
   Units:	individuals per gram
   Resolution:	1

   benth/gram>150um

   The total number of benthic foraminifers >150um in the sample divided by the weight of the sample in grams. (Source: Foley, K.M., and Poore, R.Z., 1993, Planktic foraminifer census data from Northwind Ridge cores PI-88-AR P3, PI-88- AR P7, and PI-88-AR P9, Arctic Ocean: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-218, 11p.)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	336
   Units:	individuals per gram
   Resolution:	1

Who produced the data set?

1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
   • Kevin M. Foley
   • Richard Z. Poore

2. Who also contributed to the data set?

   We thank Larry Phillips for providing the sedimentological data and processed residues from core 3, core 7 and core 9. We also thank Jennifer Pugin, Gail Slevin, Mary Gallagher and Dede Pitts for technical assistance.
   

3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
   Kevin M. Foley
   Mail Stop 970
   U.S. Geological Survey
   12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
   Reston, VA 20192
   USA
   

   (703) 648-5285 (voice)
   (703) 648-5420 (FAX)
   kfoley@geochange.er.usgs.gov
   

Why was the data set created?

These foraminifer data will be the basis for future interpretive studies of the climate history of the Arctic Ocean.

How was the data set created?

1. From what previous works were the data drawn?

2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?

   Date: 1988 (process 1 of 1)

   The samples were washed in distilled water, wet sieved to three size fractions; >63um, 63um - 2mm and >2mm. The material from each size fraction was dried at 50 degrees C and weighed. The 63um - 2mm and the >2mm fractions were combined after weighing. The >63um fraction was dry- sieved at 150um. The >150um size fraction of samples with abundant planktic foraminifers was split with a Carpco microsplitter to obtain representative aliquots of 300 - 350 planktic foraminifers. Foraminifers were sorted, identified and glued to standard micropaleontological slides and data were used to calculate abundances. All foraminifers >150um were removed and counted from samples which contained less than 350 planktic foraminifers. These data were used for planktic census and abundance estimates.

3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?

   Foley, Kevin M. , and Poore, Richard Z. , 1991, Planktic foraminifer census data from Northwind Ridge core 5, Arctic Ocean: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-346, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

   Online Links:

   • <http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/of91-346/>

   Phillips, R. Larry, Grantz, Arthur, Mullen, Michael W., Rieck, Hugh J., McLaughlin, M. W., and Selkirk, T. L., 1992, Summary of the lithostratigraphy and stratigraphic correlations in piston cores from Northwind Ridge, Arctic Ocean, from USCGC Polar Star, 1988.: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-426, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA.

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

1. How well have the observations been checked?

   Included in the attribute data for each sample is the fraction of the original sample from which the specimens were extracted.
   

2. How accurate are the geographic locations?

   Although horizontal position of thes cores is given to the nearest 0.01 minute of latitude and longitude, no information is presented in OFR 93-218 or in OFR 92-426 indicating the magnitude of likely errors in the core locations.

3. How accurate are the heights or depths?

   Core intervals sampled are indicated in the attribute data to the nearest 0.1 cm, but there is no information in OFR 93-218 or OFR 92-426 concerning the fidelity of depth in core to depth below the sea floor. The samples were taken from piston cores; there is no indication that information from trigger cores or box cores was included.
   

4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?

   All foraminifers >150um were removed and counted from samples which contained less than 350 planktic foraminifers.
   

5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?

   The samples were washed in distilled water, wet sieved to three size fractions; >63um, 63um - 2mm and >2mm. The material from each size fraction was dried at 50 degrees C and weighed. The 63um - 2mm and the >2mm fractions were combined after weighing. The >63um fraction was dry-sieved at 150um. The >150um size fraction of samples with abundant planktic foraminifers was split with a Carpco microsplitter to obtain representative aliquots of 300 - 350 planktic foraminifers. Included in the attribute data for each sample is the fraction of the original sample from which the specimens were extracted.
   In general, our taxonomic concepts follow Parker (1962, 1967).
   

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?

Access_Constraints: none

Use_Constraints: none

1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
   Peter N. Schweitzer
   Mail Stop 918 National Center
   U.S. Geological Survey
   12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
   Reston, VA 20192
   USA
   

   (703) 648-6533 (voice)
   (703) 648-6560 (FAX)
   pschweitzer@usgs.gov
   

2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set?

   USGS Open-File Report 93-218

3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?

   This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards (or with the North American Stratigraphic Code). Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

4. How can I download or order the data?
   • Availability in digital form:

     Data format:	Text and data tables in format TEXT Size: 0.373 megabytes
     Network links:	<http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/of93-218/Core/raw/nwr3.txt> <http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/of93-218/Core/raw/nwr7.txt> <http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/of93-218/Core/raw/nwr9.txt>

   • Cost to order the data: none

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:

Last modified: 12-May-1995

Metadata author:

Peter N. Schweitzer
Mail Stop 918 National Center
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
USA

(703) 648-6533 (voice)
(703) 648-6560 (FAX)
pschweitzer@usgs.gov

Metadata standard:

Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)